Couples tend to only have one to two children. We will present these methods in another article. The Iranian people have a record of practising quite a progressive form of Shia Islam. Healthcare in Iran is based on three pillars: the public-governmental system, the private sector, and NGOs. They are beliefs, ideas, and principles that are specific to your home and how it functions. The interviews varied in length, from around one hour to one and half hours. perceived benefits. Patients in Somalia commonly exhibit symptoms of chronic disorders in response to stress and turmoil. Religious association also has powerful leverage in society. Among Muslims, the idea of testing (Ekhtebar) is rather robust. You might choose a career based on your family culture by picking something you know your family values. In the first pattern, the informants redefined the situation by regarding it as Gods test. On the contrary, seeking the love of saints and imams was found in this study. There remains a great deal of protection around girls in this regard. Seven major themes emerged: respect for dignity, professional integrity, professional commitment, developing human relationships, justice, honesty, and promoting individuals and the nursing profession. Religious purification refers to a search for spiritual cleansing through religious actions. Islamic clergy can be regarded as vicar, master or guardian. It is a Muslim man, or woman, educated in Islamic theology and sacred law. They were conducted face-to-face and in Persian; all interviews were audio-recorded and then transcribed verbatim. Depends on the family, the guests' number changes between 150 to even 2000 people. Role of Culture in Healthcare Decision-Making. Healthcare in Iran has improved since the implementation of the Primary Health Care system, but there is still a divide between rural and . While prestige can be gained through achievement, boasting of it is seen as pretentious and can draw quick dislike and denigration. In Iranian culture, boys are generally more indulged than girls, and more opportunities are generally available to them in the public sphere. We recognise that personal beliefs and cultural practices are central to the lives of doctors and patients, and that all doctors have personal values that affect their day-to-day practice. Health (2 days ago) WebThe Mexicans truly believe that unity is strength. Families tend to be small, only 1 or 2 children, but the extended family is quite close. The study reveals, among others, the impact of cultural beliefs on certain religious coping methods, even among those who are not regarded as practicing Muslims. The individual derives a social network and assistance in times of need from the family. Get a downloadable, printable version that you can read later. Your family culture influences things like your moral compass, beliefs, values, and traditions. One of the methods in this category is Benevolent Religious Reappraisal: using religion to redefine the stressor as benevolent and potentially beneficial. Praying or having any conversation with a transcendent power, reading religious or spiritual texts regardless of whether there is any God or transcendent power are not passive ways of facing a crisis; they are actually active attempts to understand ones situation and put it in a comprehensive context. Therefore, it is very important to distinguish the political culture and values of the government from the culture and values of the Iranian people. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. Culture is a tool that its members use to assure their survival and well-being, as well as provide meaning to life. Islam is practiced by the majority of Iranians and governs their personal, political, economic and legal lives. We all have cultural values. In so doing, the following steps were undertaken. DEFINITION AND BACKGROUND. The concepts and topics of spirituality and secular meaning-making coping also overlap, but there is no overlap between secular and religious concepts and topics. They are also sometimes taught early that the protection of family honour also resides with them. As people dont want to risk doing something shameful, they generally adhere to social expectations. Iran's unique history and geography translates to a diverse mix of cultural influences on the Persian cuisine. One 41-year-old man explained this: We have a responsibility to act. Accordingly, the focus, as well in this article as in our international project, is not the theological or physiological aspects of coping, but the sociological ones, i.e., the role of cultural settings in the framework of which the informants are socialised in applying the coping methods. I had learned this devotional habit in my childhood. Parents make sacrifices for children, especially for their education. Food in daily Life: Iranians have a healthy diet centered on fresh fruits, greens and vegetables. It is a country with a rich history and unique culture. Cultural beliefs affect health and wellness through the information that it provides for its people. When an elder family members husband or wife dies, they will usually move into the house of one of their children. With a population of 80 million (2017), Iran is one of the most populous countries in West Asia. Family values are important to the structure and well-being of the family. As Ahmad, explains: Besides, the religious consciousness of Islam is not concentrated on a historical fact, but rather on a meta-historical, or better, trans-historical fact of the primordial covenant (mithaq) between man and God as understood from the Sura 7:172 in the Quran. 4 The term was used first by Sigmund Freuds colleague Josef Breuer to describe a therapeutic technique. Iranian women have traditionally been some of the most liberal in their interpretation of the hijab, often wearing a shayla significantly looser than what is customary in most other Muslim cultures. Im not dependent on anything or anybody. I think one thing that helped me was to walk this path alone. We find two patterns regarding such connectedness. Culture is one of the most important factors affecting the development of motherhood in Iran. FAMILY VALUES Many Iranian immigrants in New Zealand are more westernized and secularized Indeed, general society embraces science and development, and there seems to be a cultural consensus that Islamic principles do not necessarily contradict technological and scientific progress. Jul 2018. Angela Sanchez. Survey identifies health behaviors, challenges shared by Muslim community. However, in 1979, the Islamic Revolution overthrew the secular monarchy and the Islamic Republic was subsequently established. Here we present the results on Religious Coping Methods. Most of the participants were Shia Muslims. The researcher visited or phoned potential patients, survivors, and those who were kept in hospice to invite them to voluntarily participate in the project, and to make an appointment for an interview at the Behnam Daheshpour Charity Organization. The Persians were only one of these tribes who settled in the territory of Persis (also Parsa, modern-day Fars) which would give them their name. Some reports show that 26.5 percent of Iranian women and 20.8 percent of Iranian men have mental-health difficulties. Iran has been swift and forthcoming in adopting and bringing forward new ideas. Before carrying out the research, the University of Tehrans Ethics Committee reviewed the project to ensure that it complied with the Research Code of Conduct and Ethics. The dynamics of relationships are significantly shaped by the reality of which activities Iranians feel safe doing in public. culture and values, Nigerians progressively imbibed the white-men's way of life and values (Nwabuisi, 2000). 2 COMMUNICATION Greetings Hello Salaam Goodbye Khoda hafez . Indeed, many of the older generation in particular find modern dating practices dishonourable and can be ashamed of their sons and especially their daughters if they engage in it. Such an unwillingness to turn to clergies in the time of difficulty is also found in our Turkish study. This mindset manifests in health beliefs and behaviors in significant ways. Health customs: In some cultures, family members play a large role in health care decisionmaking. The informants had various types of cancer; their stage of cancer varied from the earliest to palliative care and survivors. Religion may not be the only available resource in a persons orientation system, and it may be easier to access other resources. Intercession is a safe way of obtaining a divine blessing. Im not in charge, but only God. This coping method means that people trust themselves as human beings more than they trust a sacred object God. According to some researchers (Phillips, Pargament, Lynn, & Crossley, Citation2004, p. 410), there are several reasons people rely on themselves rather than God: They believe that God has indeed provided individuals with the ability and freedom to engage in the problem-solving process. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Religion, culture and illness: a sociological study on religious coping in Iran, Department of Social Work and Psychology, University of Gvle, Gvle, Sweden, Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Department of Counseling Psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran, Department of Nursing, Khoy Medical Sciences Faculty, Urmia Medical Sciences University, Khoy, Iran, Department of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, Swedish Agency for Work Environment Knowledge, Gvle, Sweden, Initial development of the Iranian Religious Coping Scale, Non-Hajj pilgrimage in Islam: A neglected dimension of religious circulation, A contrastive study of Arabic and Persian formulas against the evil eye used by women, Does being religious help or hinder coping with chronic illness? All leaders are expected to have a high level of academic achievement or theological education. Moreover, it was explained to all potential informants that the research is part of an international study aimed at identifying the strategies patients use to cope with their illness; participation was voluntary; participants could withdraw at any time or from any part of the research without any consequences for themselves; the data are kept confidential; and the research reports have been presented and published without mentioning the participants name or representative characteristics. The criteria suggested by Lincoln and Guba (Citation1985) were utilised in the current research to ensure trustworthiness. Families are also usually the basis for peoples social and business network. Illness is our fault; it is due to our bad habits and way of life. We observed the use of a coping method by some informants that can be categorised as Benevolent Religious Reappraisal. Even Iranians that leave the house as husband and wife can draw negative attention. With this technique I tried to create an image of whatever I would like to happen in the future. Italian Culture and Its Impact on the World. Nevertheless, the results of several studies (Ahmadi, Citation2006, Citation2015; Ahmadi, Park, Kim, & Ahmadi Citation2017; Ahmadi & Ahmadi, Citation2018) reveal the occurrence of other coping strategies that can hardly be regarded as religious or spiritual, for instance, strategies connected to nature. 5 Spiritual Practices That Increase Well-Being. Furthermore, ethnic minorities tend to have distinctive forms of social organisation that are sometimes more collectivistic. The results were part of a larger study in which the purpose was to understand nurses' experiences of delivery of care for Iraqi patients. Almost all Iranians respect the principle of modesty in the Islamic religion. The quotes used in this part, which were recorded in Persian, have been translated into English. Significant class differences were exacerbated through periods of recent economic hardship and instability. Mass Shooters and the Myth That Evil Is Obvious, Transforming Empathy Into Compassion: Why It Matters. The eye is a pragmatic element in both cultures. The term "family values" has become a popular phrase in recent years. Iran recognises Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian religious minorities, among others. Naturally, in most societies religion is not the sole available resource in an individuals orienting system; there are other dimensions in life e.g., biological, psychological, social, and environmental to which a person can turn when faced with adversity. However, it has received less attention from policymakers and health researchers in Iran. Ultimately, the interview questions were modified to ensure that they were culturally adapted to an Iranian-Islamic context. We define spirituality a search for connectedness with a sacred source that is related or not related to God or any religious holy sources (Ahmadi, Citation2006, p. 7273). 6. When discussing religious coping, it is vital to consider circumstances in which religion and coping are interlaced. Improving patient and family care outcomes has been said to require "nuanced understanding of cultural con-texts for those who provide care and those who receive it" (Schim & Doorenbos, 2010, p. 1). Medications like these are seen as first-line treatment in Iran. The purpose of this study was to explore factors promoting Iranian older adults' spirituality. Talking in terms of beating a disease . While some households may employ servants, others may struggle to put food on the table. Does a Dog's Head Shape Predict How Smart It Is? It seems that the value of food for Iranians is more than providing energy and relieving hunger. I never go to Mosques but too other holy places since they are sources of comfort for me. (p. 12). Even though Iranians may consider some of these cultural customs ordinary and mundane, they are sure to raise a foreign eyebrow or two. Results and Discussion on religious coping methods (RCOPE), https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1555699, https://journals.bmsu.ac.ir/jbs/index.php/jbs/article/view/593, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4<519::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-1, http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. Across most households, elders are deeply respected and cared for. Being struck by a serious illness like cancer can result in the loss of confidence and security in life. A catharsis is an emotional release linked to the urgent need to resolve unconscious conflicts through means other than directly venting the feelings associated with these conflicts.Footnote4. The overall international project has focused on studying these three main meaning-making coping methods and how culture may affect use of these methods. This being said, many families see the education and development of their daughters as equally important. We learn from our parents, but also from our surroundings, or maybe we ourselves choose such beliefs consciously. I know that Ive done a lot of wicked things in my life. The term existential coping is employed because these methods involve individuals efforts to discover an inwardly source in nature, themselves or others that can assist them in coping with their problems. Meat (usually lamb, goat, or chicken) is used as a condiment rather than as the centerpiece of a meal. I can talk to Him, even talk to the saints. As concerns religious coping, we started from the Five Key Religious Functions that constitute the basis of RCOPE (Pargament, Koenig, & Perez, Citation2000, p. 521). The Middle East consists of . Mental illness in a family member is viewed as a familial flaw. Inscriptions from the Achaemenid Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) reference the kings' religious beliefs - which may have been the early polytheistic faith or the later Zoroastrian monotheism - and religion continued to play a central role in the later Parthian Empire (247 BCE-224 CE) and, to a much greater degree, in the Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE) which made Zoroastrianism the state . Why Are So Many Young Men Single And Sexless? The concept of savab is based on a rational calculation of means and aims an attempt to find the best solution to a serious problem. It is also considered quite prestigious to be able to trace ones heritage back for centuries. These values are neither positive nor negative - they're just differences. Iran is the 17th largest country in the world. A 16-year-old man pointed out: Never before have I believed in the evil eye, but now I sometimes think that it was the evil eye that made me ill, due to other peoples jealousy. This cultural content is crucial in constructing individuals identities and ethical/moral worldview, which in its turn serves as an orienting system when navigating social relationships. Cultural behaviors have important implications for human health. Different. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. A unified, searchable interface answering your questions on the world's cultures and religions. The Five Key Religious Functions that constitute the basis of RCOPE were used to categorise these methods. 6. It is a common belief that these actions are good actions that satisfy God and pursue Him to help them. Significant class differences were exacerbated through periods of recent economic hardship and instability. While it borders seven different countries, the Iranian people do not seem to affiliate themselves with the Arab world; nor do they share much commonality with those in South/Central Asia. This system of theocratic governance remains in place today. Cultural is a comprehensive concept that contains children's states of health, illness, and well-being. In an interview with the Trauma and Mental Health Report (translated, Farsi to English), Hamed Rajabi, director of A Minor Leap Down, explains: This social system is only concerned with how people work and perform, and when that performance is lowered, their behavior is instantly condemned.. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the cultural factors that have an impact on military nursing care for Iraqi patients. Values are deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture's beliefs. Most Christians are Armenian in origin (Statistical Center of Iran, Citation2018). This perspective includes both religious and secular cultural settings, especially Muslim ones. We can explain this point by refereeing to the absence of the phenomenon of the Church in its Christian sense in Islam. After that period, the family is left to . Health beliefs: In some cultures, people believe that talking about a possible poor health outcome will cause that outcome to occur. Today, the conservative interpretations of Islam have become a major social force and dictate much of what Iranians can and cannot do. The holy places may also function as reminders of God; Islamic/Quranic teachings argue that remembrance of Allah leads to peace and satisfaction: Those who believe and whose hearts find peace in the remembrance of Allh. They invite a great number of guests for the wedding day. The concept of imamat is important to the Shiites.Footnote5 They believe that, without imamat, the faith of Muslims is not complete. Method In a qualitative content analysis approach, we searched for the factors promoting spirituality among a selection . So I accepted it and was happy with it. Iranian culture is patriarchal, legally and culturally males have more rights and privileges than females. In public, people behave in the way that will benefit them (i.e. Elderly relatives are kept at home, not placed in a nursing home. The Imam is the guarantor of this process. Passive Religious Deferral refers to passive waiting for God to control the situation. Role of Father: In traditional families, the father is the head of the household. He was married to a Persian princess. Their stable meal mainly comprises of larger amount of grains especially rice, fruits and vegetables with small amounts of read meat. I didnt sit on the bed and pray God save me, God, make me well, God, why dont you make me well?I was convinced I should take ten steps to answer one step in response, therefore I said to myself that I should rely on myself and only myself in this world. perceived severity. Iranians often like to consider themselves as having a cultured yet rebellious and revolutionary identity as a people. In this pattern, praying to and conversing with saints and imams are in focus; one interesting finding was that no one reported having turned to Clergies in this respect. First, following the process recommended by the World Health Organization (Citation2017), the original interview questions were translated into Persian by a psychology researcher whose mother tongue is Persian. If a father or brother knows of a girls boyfriend, they may pretend that they are oblivious to that knowledge. Patient-centered care implies involving family members and incorporating care tailored to the patient's culture. Rather, the distinctive Persian identity engenders a strong sense of pride and belonging among its people. The participants confirmed large cultural differences in doctor-patient communication when encountering Iranian and Swedish patients. Familial relationships and reputation are important aspects of Iranian culture. Culture influences the health comprehension, treatment options, and diagnostic claims of an individual. I did Nazr without understanding why. Nevertheless, much of the population shares the benefits of the middle class. to work, get an education, marry, divorce, bear children or not) varies significantly depending on the attitude of her husband or closest male relative. In Nigeria, the core traditional values have been debased at the modern era. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Education, wealth and ethnic or tribal associations can all affect a persons social standing. Thus, secular meaning-making coping hardly has any point of connection with a traditional sacred context, but can overlap with a search for connectedness with a sacred source without relating to God or any traditional religious context. Knowing what you value will help you build the most meaningful life possible. Data was reported in Iran in 2013 has shown that almost 42 percent of deliveries in public hospitals and 90 percent in private hospitals were carried out with cesarean section. TEHRAN, Nov. 18 (MNA) - According to PersianRestaurant.org, food culture is the practices, attitudes, and beliefs surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food. The more humility a person shows, the less likely they are to be criticised. Iranian nurses revealed a unique and culture-based set of ethical values. By establishing a relationship with another entity than her-/himself, the patient tries to gain comfort and control. External Factors. The several religious coping methods found in the present study are categorised on the basis of RCOPEs five basic religious functions. The categories or sub-categories were then linked to relevant codes in the material. Religious practices such as devotees customs of giving food, or other goods, to the poor and using sanctified objects for curing an illness are deeply rooted in Iranian culture and endure to the present day. Here the concept of savab (reward) comes into the picture. Illness may be considered a product of Gods will, and thus accepted or as in the story of Job viewed as educational theodicy (Dein & Stygall, Citation1997). Another coping method in this category is Punishing God Reappraisal. Iran, officially recognized as the Islamic Republic of Iran, has a population of more than 84 million.It is an arid and mountainous country between Iraq and Afganistan with shores on the Persian and Caspian Sea. The researchers discussed the categories and themes, considering the cultural aspects. Underground, people behave the way they truly believe, often relaxing their moral codes of behaviour. Family beliefs define what you think is essential and what is good. Under it, Islamic theologians and mullahs constitute the highest ranks of leadership. Article. All research groups checked all interview drafts and verified all codes and categorizations. Careful consideration was made during this phase. The results of the Pearson's correlation coefficient test indicated that there was no significant relationship between professional values and age (r = 0.03, p = 0.47), while there was a significant relationship between professional values and the GPA (r = 0.29, p = 0.003).This revealed that the students with higher GPA had higher scores in professional values. A critical literature review, Public mental health promotion, meaning-making and existential meaning: Challenges for person-centered care of refugees in a secular, pluralistic context, Religious involvement and subjective well-being, Religion and health among black and white adults: Examining social support and consolation, Why me? Because Iran is largely a desert, however, the ideal open space is a culturally constructed spacea garden. Breuer developed what he referred to as a cathartic treatment for hysteria. The continuous presence of pre-Islamic, non-Muslim communities such as Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians has served to accustom the population to non-Muslims participating in Iranian society. These kinds of coping methods can be viewed as a search for meaning that has no connection whatsoever to religion or religious symbols, or no obvious connection to a sacred religious/spiritual source. While some households may employ servants, others may struggle to put food on the table. Some reports show that 26.5 percent of. Relation of existential meaning-making domains. We use cookies to improve your website experience. It should not be assumed that all Iranians share the same language, cultural, religious or political beliefs. According to Nation Master, females made up over 60% of the overall Iranian student body in 2012. It has had a Muslim majority population for centuries and so the culture is deeply characterised by its strong Islamic influence. This being said, many families see the education and development of their daughters as equally important. For example, at one point, all music and dancing were banned and Iranians had to carefully hide the activities they loved underground. In the first pattern, religious actions are rooted in religious beliefs. They help teach kids the difference between right and wrong. Iranians can often recount the countrys legacy and heritage in great detail. Dating practices vary significantly between regions, and are impacted by attitudes and education. Almost all Iranian schools are segregated. Coding continued until a high level of inter-rater agreement was reached. Self-directing religious coping: A deistic god, abandoning god, or no god at all? The coding based on the themes found in the study used a template analysis style, a theory-driven analysis (Malterud, Citation2014), while categorisation of the themes was based on the results obtained in other studies in the project (Ahmadi, Citation2006, Citation2015; Ahmadi & Ahmadi, Citation2018; Ahmadi et al., Citation2017; Ahmadi, Ahmadi, Erbil, & Cetrez Citation2016). Culture, a shared set of traditions, belief systems, and behaviors, is shaped by history, religion, ethnic identity, language, and nationality, among other factors. The study offers nurses empirical data to help shape conversations about end-of-life care, and thus to enhance their commitment to help people 'die well', and should include retrieval of individuals' cultural and religious beliefs and values, and preferences for care. It is common for Iranians to refer to themselves as Persian, which carries the association and prestige of the historical empire.1 The Iranian culture and people have a history of being one of the most progressive in the Middle East. (53-year-old female), Hand in hand with God, we walked together on this path. The government also provides donors with free health insurance, and the patients sometimes give an additional donation to donors. Many people use humour to criticise their leaders through doublespeak, and share their theories of scandal and corruption with strangers. By establishing a relationship with another entity than her-/himself, the informants various... 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