Dictionary of American Negro Biography. At the wars end, Thomas left the island for Savannah. Britannica does not review the converted text. Coleman was born in Atlanta, Texas, to a family of 13 children. Sengstackes background held surprises. Redding, Saunders. 4. Due to more financial mishandling, Abbott fired Magill and took over running the paper himself. He listed nine goals as the Defender's "Bible": The Chicago Defender not only encouraged people to migrate north for a better life, but to fight for their rights once they got there. On January 26, 1892, Bessie was born the tenth of 13 in the Coleman family. . At this point, however, black politician Louis B. Anderson forced a printing house doing city work to hire Abbott. Defender circulation reached 50,000 by 1916; 125,000 by 1918; and more than 200,000 by the early 1920s. Though she remained in the cotton fields as a child, this intelligence and advanced skill allowed her to proceed further in schooling in her middle school years. God gave us a Holy Bible, disputing men made different kinds of disciples.".[7]. Robert managed to persuade his stepfather to send him to Claflin University, then still a Methodist elementary school in Orangeburg, South Carolina. Pioneers like Ronald McNair, Bessie Coleman and Alexa Canaday have earned their pages in history textbooks so why is so much Black history missing? Lees daughter became a longtime employee, and her son became a stockholder in the Robert S. Abbott Publishing Company. Robert Abbott was a U.S. newspaper editor, publisher, and lawyer. They encouraged her to stay in Orlando and invited her to live with them at the parsonage of the Missionary Baptist Church in the Parramore neighborhood. As part of his training, his mother insisted that he pay 10 of the 15 cents a week he earned at the grocery for his room and board. At Hampton, he sang with the Hampton Choir and Quartet, which toured nationally. Surging on the tide of Black migration north and west, circulation reached 50,000 by 1916; 125,000 by 1918; and more than 200,000 by the early 1920soverall readership tripled those figures. On a moonlit night in the spring of 1862 during the Civil War, Smalls, an enslaved Black man, and a crew of fellow enslaved people, stole one of the Confederacys most crucial gunships from its wharf in the South Carolina port of Charleston. The image bears her likeness with her flying goggles. Abbott." Davis, Pablo. "And thats all it was to me, because being the 'first' anything was never my goal.". Printing and costs posed major problems, especially since, unlike most newspapers, the Defender made most of its money from circulation rather than from advertising. The Defender initially ran into problems, although it again showed a profit by the end of 1933. An island transplant originally from the Northeast, she has called Oahu home for nearly 10 years with her husband and two chocolate Labs. Mission specialist Ronald McNair relaxes with his saxophone during the STS 41-B mission on the Challenger shuttle. The new plant also cut the printing costs by $1,000 a week. 18621931 In 1801, friends of Robert Burns gathered to celebrate the poet on the five-year anniversary of his death, on 21 July. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder. Haunted by the idea that his family, which included his wife, Hannah, and two children, could be sold and separated, a common practice during slavery, Smalls devised a plan. Flora Butler had been born in Savannah, on December 4, to African born parents. In order to prepare for her study abroad at an aviation school, Coleman took a French-language class at the Berlitz school in Chicago, where she became reasonably fluent in the language. This freed her from much of the hard manual labor that so many others in her family and community had to endure. Although his wives did not love him, Abbott had over 100 relatives to whom he was very generous. ." In addition, he became so myopic that others had to read to him. Coleman took flight in 1921, becoming the first African American woman to earn a pilot's license. While Rosa Parks' name may be synonymous with the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Claudette Colvin came first. It printed editorials that attacked white oppression and the lynching of African Americans. She wasnt just a pretty face and aviator. The Young and the Restless (Y&R) spoilers recap for Wednesday, March 1, teases that Kyle Abbott (Michael Mealor) will hear about Jeremy Starks (James Hyde) return to Genoa City, so he wont be happy about Jeremy walking free and coming right back to town.. Kyle will also be nervous about the package Jeremy sent, but Jack Abbott In Dictionary of American Negro Biography, edited by Rayford W. Logan and Michael Winston. About 10 minutes into her flight in a newly purchased Jenny that had been poorly maintained before she claimed it, Coleman was thrown from her plane. Accessible across all of today's devices: phones, tablets, and desktops. Instead, we need to teach Black history from what Black folks did to resist, experience joy, and continue to create in spite of white supremacy.. Industrialization underway in the United States, Abbot studied the printing trade at Hampton Institute (now Hampton University), a historically black college in Virginia from 1892 to 1896. At his death in 1869, he was one of the few African Americans to be buried in the Stevens family cemetery and therefore had a marked grave, unlike those in the slave burying ground. Her memory lives on for aviators and dreamers everywhere. Abbott was born on November 24, 1868, on St. Simons Island to Flora and Thomas Abbott. Throughout her career as an aviator, Coleman was known for her flamboyant style, obstinate nature and daring attitude. Black history: These African American figures deserve to be celebrated. ." It Has Been Translated Into 35 Languages and Dialects Johnson & Johnson is a global companyand so is Our Credo. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Determined to become a pilot, Coleman began learning French, before leaving for Paris to pursue her dream. Marcus Garvey was one of the twentieth centurys most influential leaders of black nationalism. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). She was inspired to take to the skies at 27 after her brother, a World War I veteran, told her that women in France were superior because they could fly. She saved up enough money from both of these jobs to pursue her dream of flight to be a pilot like those she admired so greatly. "Robert Sengstacke Abbott." Toward the end of the marriage he suddenly moved out of his house, charging her with infecting him with tuberculosis and hiring people to kill him. He was named after the well-known Confederate General Robert E. Lee. By 1929 the Defender was selling more than 250,000 copies each week. Patrick S. Washburn, A Question of Sedition: The Federal Governments Investigation of the Black Press during World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986). disenfranchised most Black people and many poor whites, Robert Abbott Founds the Chicago Defender, DuSable Museum of African American History, "Abbott, Robert S. John H. Sengstacke Family Papers", "Robert Sengstacke Abbott-The Chicago Defender", Mark Perry, "Robert S. Abbott and the Chicago Defender: A Door to the Masses", "Celebrated African-American parade of pride boasts Baha'i connections", Richard W. Thomas, Ph.D. "A Long and Thorny Path: Race Relations in the American Bah Community" (Chapter), "Robert S. Abbott, 69, A Chicago Publisher. Through the pages of the. The Hellfighters received their formidable nickname from the Germans; "Hollenkampfer" in German translates to "Hellfighters." But, thanks to the funding she received, she was able to study abroad and gain her license. WebLegacy [ edit] The Robert S. Abbott House in Chicago, where he lived from 1926 to his death, was designated a National Historic His childhood home in the Woodville Her character was supposed to appear on screen in tattered clothing with a walking stick and a pack on her back. In time, Abbott began paying salaries. Coleman was a thrill-seeker, theres no doubt about it. Georgia native Robert Sengstacke Abbott founded, edited, and published the Chicago Defender, for decades the countrys dominant African American newspaper. Robert S. Abbott, founder and publisher of the Chicago Defender, knew of Colemans desire to fly. Schools and other public facilities reserved for Black people were typically underfunded and ill-maintained. Initially deployed to help unload supply ships, they regiment was then loaned to the French Army and spent 191 days on the front lines. So while being first wasnt important to me, it was important for many others.". The Sea Islands were a place of the Gullah people, an African-descended ethnic group who maintained African-inherited cultural traits more strongly than many African Americans in other areas of the South. Abbott founded The Chicago Defender in 1905, which grew to have the highest circulation of any black-owned newspaper in the country. But in 1901, George Coleman, Bessies father, left the family to return to Indian Territory, as Oklahoma was then called, looking for better opportunities for himself. Robert Abbott was born on November 24, 1868, in Frederica, on St. Simons Island, Georgia, to Thomas and Flora Butler Abbott. Gordon Parks was a Black American photojournalist, musician, writer and film director who is known for breaking the "color line" in professional photography. Many people made unpaid contributions by reporting, collecting out-of-town news, and even writing editorials. The street was originally named West Washington but was renamed for Coleman in 2015, in honor of one of the citys most accomplished residents. He was probably associated with his stepfathers preparations to put out a local paper, the Woodville Times, which began publication in November of 1889, the same month the 21-year-old Abbott entered Hampton Institute to learn the trade of printing. At the age of 18, she moved north to Chicago where she worked in other fields, but after receiving her pilots license, she returned to a different portion of the South, living in Florida a career move deemed best for improving her financial means in support of her aviation career. In spite of Abbotts hard work and personal sacrifice, the paper nearly closed down after a few months. The family moved to Waxahachie, Texas, when Bessie was two years old, and they became sharecroppers. Her life and career, however, have inspired generations of people both men and women of all nationalities to pursue their dreams in unexpected fields, particularly in aviation. She attempted first to learn further in Chicago, but no one was willing to teach her. Abbott, through his writings in the Chicago Defender, expressed those stories and encouraged people to leave the South for the North. His rounds, which he continued even after he could rely on others to distribute his papers, gave him great insight into the concerns of Chicagos black community. The paper even set a date, May 15, 1917, for a Great Northern Drive. White efforts to keep the Defender out of the South only raised its standing among Black readers. To learn more about cookies and your cookie choices. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967. In 1929 Abbott and Kellum founded the Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic. Smiley died of pneumonia in 1915, suffering from neglect by Abbott according to a rival paper. The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/abbott-robert-sengstacke-1868-1940, Johns, Robert "Abbott, Robert Sengstacke 18681940 John Sengstacke married Flora Butler Abbott on July 26, 1874. "But I would go out back and jump over the fence and straight down the street where they were playing ball.". Abbott hired a union crew of whites. Sengstackes work as a Congregationalist minister-teacher drew criticism in this strongly Baptist area. WebFirst, he developed the 767 rolls of film he had shot for the project and made contact sheets of them. In the fall of 1886 Robert Sengstacke Abbott entered Beach Institute, an Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History, Robert Sengstacke Abbott 18681940 ." Soon after, Abbott moved to New York, where he and his [] After receiving her B.S. The Lonesome Road. The aircraft had taken an unexpected dive and flew into a spin at 3,000 feet above the ground. Robert Sengstacke Abbott founded one of the major black newspapers in the United States, the Chicago Defender. He became president of the Hampton alumni association and a member of the board of trustees. John H. Sengstacke (right), a Savannah native and nephew of Robert S. Abbott, assumed management of the Chicago Defender in 1940 upon the death of Abbott, who founded the newspaper in 1905. Born and raised in New York City, Abbott was a relatively unknown singer and actress prior to her marriage to De Niro. There, she discovered her love of reading and was able to establish herself as an outstanding math student, which would later lead to her growth as an aviator and pioneer. Alice Coachman was the first Black woman to win an Olympic gold medal. Aviation pioneer Bessie Coleman, NASA'sRonald McNair and Civil War hero Robert Smalls. Tama died soon after their second child, a daughter, was born, and Herman took the children back to Germany to be raised by family. The Lonely Warrior. In 1905 Abbott founded the Chicago Defender, a four-page weekly newspaper that defended the rights and interests of African Americans. Tyler Essary / TODAY Illustration / Getty Images / Alamy. He was the founder of the Chicago Defender, the most influential African American newspaper during More broadly Abbott sought a synthesis, not always easy, of racial militancy and a self-help ethos. His passion for learning and equality (and a modest foray into journalism as founder of the Woodville Times) deeply shaped the young Abbott. Colvin was arrested for her refusal. She was often invited to important events and interviewed by the media. On May 6, 1921, Flora Abbott Sengstacke pressed the button that put a highspeed rotary printing press in operation at 3435 Indiana Avenue, another first for black journalism. Colemans first public appearance was not just a show to move her career forward. More than two-thirds were sold outside of Chicago, with a tenth of the total going to New York City. A mans a man for a that. Abbott's words described the North as a place of prosperity and justice. Thanks to sponsorship by Robert Abbott, the show took place. By 1908 Abbott reduced his overhead by taking the printing to a larger, white publishing house. In February 1923, her airplane engine stalled suddenly and she crashed. He successfully maneuvered the robotic arm, which allowed astronautBruce McCandless to perform the first space walk without being tethered to the spacecraft. [6], John Sengstacke cared for Robert as if he were his own, and with Flora Abbot had seven additional children. James R. Grossman, Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989). [7] Abbott died of Bright's disease in 1940 in Chicago. This is his second film for In establishing the United Negro Imp, Robert O'Hara Burke Traverses the Australian Continent from North to South, https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/abbott-robert-sengstacke-1868-1940, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abbott-robert-sengstacke, Magazines and Newspapers, African American. A man called Robert Abbott told Bessie that she should go to a flying school in France. In the fall of 1886 Robert Sengstacke Abbott entered Beach Institute, an American Missionary School in Savannah, to prepare for college. His mother joined the Swedenborgian church (based on the writings of Emanuel Swedenborg) and had him involved in it. John Hermann Henry Sengstacke (18481904) came to Floras aid by hiring a white lawyer, who secured a restraining order. After experiencing difficulty finding employment as a lawyer because of his race, Abbott turned to journalism. By this time, Abbott had begun to distance himself from Washington by urging blacks to leave the South to seek out better opportunities in the North. Its archives, in addition to housing complete files of the Defender, contain the Robert S. Abbott Papers. After futile attempts to practice law in Gary, Indiana, and Topeka, Kansas, Abbott returned to Chicago, giving up all hope of practicing as an attorney. Those reports led many Black Southerners to move to the North in what became known as the Great Migration. Robert Abbotts paper slowly grew until it had a press run of 1,000 copies. All I remember is that I was not going to walk off the bus voluntarily, Colvin told NPR in 2009. The Defender had launched its official campaign for blacks to move northThe Great Northern Drive on May 15, 1917. On November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the lower court's ruling and affirmed bus segregation laws were unconstitutional. Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. Anyplace But Here. Who's Who in Colored America 19411944. By 1924 Abbott and his wife were listed as attending Bah events in Chicago. When the Stevenses fled to the mainland in the face of the imminent Union occupation of the island, Thomas Abbott successfully hid the familys property from silver to furniture and restored it all after the Civil War. [8][9] He started printing in a room at his boardinghouse; his landlady encouraged him, and he later bought her an 8-room house. He tried to set up law practices in Indiana and Kansas, but racial prejudice kept him from building a successful law career. "[14] Sengstacke openly discussed African-American history in his articles, including its difficult issues. 22 Feb. 2023 . Because she was performing tricks that did not allow her to wear her seatbelt, she was thrown from the aircraft and killed. Abbott then went to law school. There she lived with her brothers and worked as a manicurist at the White Sox Barber Shop. Today, the library in South Carolina where McNair was refused books is named after the heroic boy determined to make a difference. Career: Errand boy; printers devil; printer; teacher; joined printers union, Chicago; began publishing the Chicago Defender in 1905; began publishing Abbotts Monthly in 1929, folded in 1933; was Defenders publisher until death in 1940. months study there, Abbott decided to learn a trade and applied to Hampton Institute. John H. H. Sengstacke, a German newly arrived in Savannah, hired a lawyer who represented Flora successfully. The editorials contributed to the papers success in the South. Just one month before the stock market crash of 1929, Abbott launched the first well-financed attempt to publish a black magazine, Abbotts Monthly. The newspaper began to prosper, and eventually took over the whole building at the address that became its headquarters for 15 years. In August 2008 the Georgia Historical Society and the city of Savannah erected a historical marker in Savannah at the corner of West Bay and Albion streets, where Abbotts childhood homethe parsonage for Pilgrim Congregational Churchwas once located. Coleman died upon impact. Botkin, Joshua "Abbott, Robert Sengstacke Publisher Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abbott-robert-sengstacke. He was in fact a Savannah native; his father, Herman, was a German immigrant merchant, and his mother, Tama, was enslaved and purchased off the auction block and freed by her future husband. (This is after she was the first Black woman to graduate from Yale Law School, and the first to gain admission to the New York City Bar.). Born November 24, 1868 in Frederica on St.Simons Island, Georgia; died on February 29, 1940; son of Thomas and Flora Butler Abbott; married Helen Thornton Morrison in 1918; divorced in 1933; married Edna Denrson in 1934. At the end of World War I the papers circulation stabilized at approximately 180,000. Coachman's medal was achieved at the 1948 Olympic Games in London where she leapt 5feet 6 inches to earn the top spot in the high jump, beating out Britains Dorothy Tyler. At the age of 28, Abbott still sought out a career. The summer of 1919 was called the "Red Summer," and marked by violence against Black Americans at the hands of white Americans. Christopher C. De Santis, ed., Langston Hughes and the Chicago Defender: Essays on Race, Politics, and Culture, 1942-62 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995). Although Abbott was unfailingly patriotic in his editorial position, the Wilson administration disliked the papers frank reporting of the armed forces treatment of African Americans as second-class citizens. She too appears not to have been moved by love. John Sengstacke had become a Congregationalist missionary as an adult, a teacher, determined to improve the education of African American children, and a publisher, founding the Woodville Times, based in Woodville, Georgia, a town later annexed by Savannah, Georgia; he wrote, "There is but one church, and all who are born of God are members of it. It was actually a memorial show given in honor of veterans of the all-Black 369th Infantry Regiment of WWI. Roi Ottley, The Lonely Warrior: The Life and Times of Robert S. Abbott (Chicago: H. Regnery Co., 1955). Alice Coachman, a gold medalist in the high jump at the 1948 Olympics, speaking to Olympic swimmer John Nabor in 2012. 11. She became the first of many things and impacted countless lives and she still does now through the ongoing legacy of her bravery. 8. "I made it to Minnesota for residency, and before I knew it, I was a neurosurgeon. Defender Survived the Depression Born in Lansing, Michigan in 1950, Dr. Alexa Irene Canady broke both gender and color barriers when she became the first African American woman neurosurgeon in the United States in 1981. Smalls was hailed as a hero in the North, and helped lobby President Lincoln to allow Black men to enlist in the Union Army. Her brave artistry in the skies and daring stunts earned her the nicknames Brave Bessie and Queen Bessie, due to the extremely dangerous nature of her work. [17], Abbott was seeking an atmosphere free of race prejudice. He paid special attention to John Herman Henry Sengstacke, the son of his half-brother Alexander. Learned His Trade. Defender Grew Weekly costs ran about $13, but the paper remained essentially a one-man operation. Contemporary Black Biography. The Defender also contributed broadly to the development of a national African American culture. For many years in Andersons career, she wasnt allowed to perform in front of integrated audiences. Sengstacke's parents were Tama, a freed slave, and her husband Herman Sengstacke, a German sea captain who had a regular route from Hamburg to Savannah. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. To share with more than one person, separate addresses with a comma. Ingham, John N., and Lynne B. Feldman. Abbott was a fighter, a defender of rights. Robert Sengstacke Abbott 1868 1940 With his fine tenor voice, Abbott became the first first-year-student member of the Hampton Quartet. This campaign helped to sell papers until reformers forced prostitution underground in 1912, depriving him of his best issue. Logan, Rayford W., and Michael R. Winston, eds. After six. Born on December 24, 1870 to formerly enslaved parents in St. Simons, Georgia, Robert Sengstacke Abbott attended Hampton Institute in Virginia and then Her claim to fame didnt stop with becoming the first Black female pilot. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994. Greg Abbott's mother, Doris Lechristia Jacks Abbott, was a housewife and his father, Calvin Rodger Abbott, was a stockbroker and insurance agent. In 1933 he was found to have tuberculosis, the disease that had killed his birth father. The newspapers success made Abbott an important figure locally and nationally. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Current Biography (March 1940): 2. Abbott turned to printing. Founded in 1905, it attained a readership of Robert Abbott was born on March 2, 1933 in St. Louis, Missouri. But her final show took place in Jacksonville, Florida, on April 30, 1926. In 1919, Illinois Governor Frank Lowden appointed Abbott to the Chicago Commission on Race Relations. She regularly spoke in front of audiences around the country, promoting aviation and combating racism. At this point, his landlady, Henrietta Plumer Lee, made a decisive intervention. By 1920 the Defenders circulation reached at least 230,000. They married in Charleston, South Carolina, before returning to Georgia, where their interracial marriage was prohibited. It was going to be financed by the African American Seminole Film Producing Company. Your support helps us commission new entries and update existing content. She was 29 years old when she received her license. ed. Satisfying Black readers desire for aggressive racial advocacy while not alienating white advertisers proved difficult. Even in religious communities, he sometimes found that mixed-race African Americans who were light-skinned sometimes also demonstrated prejudice against those who were darker. Education: graduated from Hampton Institute, 1893, 1896; Kent College of Law, law degree, 1899. This was just one more way that Coleman was a forward thinker and mover in her time. When Coleman learned that her first appearance on screen would be as a stereotyped and offensive character, she turned down the role and walked away from the project. A three-judge panel determined Alabama's bus segregation laws to be unconstitutional. She was famous for performing a wide range of music, including opera and spirituals. In rebuilding his staff, Abbott rehired a number of people Magill had released. However, the date of retrieval is often important. The late Robert Maynard was a dyn, Political leader Connecting southern Blacks with one another and with northern urban communities, riding the rails with the Pullman-car porters massive (if informal) distribution and reporting network, and counterposing southern brutality with northern opportunity, the paper fostered and rode the epic migration. As quoted by Ottley in The Lonely Warrior, Abbott later summarized Frissell as saying, I should so prepare myself for the struggle ahead that in whatever field I should decide to dedicate my services, I should be able to point the light not only to my own people but to white people as well.. We hope you and your family enjoy the NEW Britannica Kids. Magill took an antiunion stand in the fight of railroad porters to unionize. But in her childhood, Coleman once vowed to herself that she would amount to something.. Greg Abbott graduated from Duncanville High School, where he was on the track team, in the National Honor Society, and was voted "Most Likely to Succeed". Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958. Bessie Coleman was known for her incredible aerial acrobatics. She was able to complete her elementary education in that same school and continued on to other grades, though she did not complete them. Robert S. Abbott s papers are in the Chicago Defender archives. The diary of his stepfather, John H. H. Sengstacke, is in the possession of the Savannah Historical Society. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Johns, Robert " Abbott, Robert Sengstacke 18681940 . " Contemporary Black Biography. . Obituary. Encyclopedia.com. She wasnt earning enough as a manicurist, so she took a second job at a chili parlor. The parade, which has developed into a celebration for youth, education and AfricanAmerican life in Chicago, Illinois, is the second largest parade in the United States. After attending Kent Law School in Chicago, he was told repeatedly that he was too dark to practice law in America which inspired him to go into journalism. See also Chicago Defender ; Lynching; Universal Negro Improvement Association. Let these 30 interesting facts about Bessie Coleman inspire you. The admiration of the crowds cheering and the thrill of the stunt flying itself were huge parts of the draw in the lifestyle she chose. Rober, The Chicago Defender was founded in 1905 by Robert Sengstacke Abbott, a journalist and lawyer from Georgia. Newsstand sales and subscriptions were the newspapers lifeblood. Bessie Coleman is probably most well-known for this fact: She was the first Black female pilot in the United States. She couldnt finish school, attend church or even do her household chores steadily throughout an entire year thanks to this hard life. Marian Anderson became the first African American singer to perform at the Metropolitan Opera in 1955. Robert C. Maynard 19371993 The couple were community activists who believed in Colemans vision for aviation and the school for Black aviators. He also was becoming a very wealthy man. "Just look at the legislative backlash to Critical Race Theory or the Virginia gubernatorial race. Kait Hanson is a lifestyle reporter for TODAY.com. To De Niro native Robert Sengstacke 18681940 John Sengstacke cared for Robert as if he were his own and... 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