In qualitative content analysis words or phrases appear, or attach numeric codes. research to interpret that text. There are many types of evidence synthesis projects, including systematic reviews as well as others. Analysis may be chronological, conceptual, thematic, etc. LLZ`YAMg`h Narrative analysis involves analyzing the content of the text to uncover meanings and stories, while thematic analysis involves coding and categorizing data to identify patterns and relationships between themes. This allows for a more objective assessment than comparing content based on a listener's impressions. professor and students) produce speaking subjects, and that power is an Do conclusions correctly follow the data? The researcher can code for exactly what he/she wants to code. Thematic analysis is a type of qualitative data analysis that involves coding and categorizing data to identify and analyze themes. Interpret results carefully as conceptual content analysis can only quantify the information. quantitative synthesis of the literature that meta-analysis provides. Analytical rules: The material must be analysed step by step, following This will keep the coding process organized and consistent. This type of analysis can be used to understand a culture or social group. Use this type of qualitative data analysis to highlight important aspects of their stories that will best resonate with your readers. Choosing whether to conduct a content analysis by hand or by using computer software can be difficult. An overview of three methodologies commonly used in nursing and healthcare research is presented: grounded theory, qualitative content analysis and narrative analysis. Definition 3:A research technique for the objective, systematic and quantitative description of the manifest content of communication. (from Berelson, 1952), Identify the intentions, focus or communication trends of an individual, group or institution, Describe attitudinal and behavioral responses to communications, Determine the psychological or emotional state of persons or groups, Reveal international differences in communication content, Pre-test and improve an intervention or survey prior to launch, Analyze focus group interviews and open-ended questions to complement quantitative data. The first difference is that a narrative approach is a methodology which incorporates epistemological and ontological assumptions whereas thematic analysis is a method or tool for decomposing data into themes, that can be used within different research perspectives. Sign of relationship: are concepts positively or negatively related to each other? They must consider how they will analyse and interpret This problem could throw off ones results and make any conclusion invalid. Narratives can come from almost anything; interviews, books, blogs, journals, diaries, autobiographies, podcasts, videos, audio recordings, anywhere someone is telling a story. Narrative analysis is a form of qualitative data analysis that focuses on the content of the text. inequality and injustice in society with the help of this research. according to Foucault (1977, 1980), and thus every human relationship is a Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: A comparative tale of two methods: how thematic and narrative analyses author the data story differently, Dpartement de Communication, Universit de Montral, Montreal, Canada, Department of Management Communication, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand, Department of Public Health, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, USA, /doi/full/10.1080/22041451.2019.1677068?needAccess=true. What is a good example of content analysis? belief, or set of cultural values). Content Analysis vs Thematic Analysis: What's the Difference? ), Qualitative methods in mental health and psychotherapy: A guide for students and practitioners (pp. It can be time-consuming and resource-intensive. I Target orientation: First and foremost, the analysts must be aware of their After decisions of steps 1-4 are complete, a researcher can begin developing rules for translation of text into codes. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 26: 91-108.doi:10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x, Aims to demonstrate writer has extensively researched literature and critically evaluated its quality. DifferenceBetween.info has a large knowledge base and deal with differences between popular terms, technologies, things and anything to everything. organised into categories based on the research questions, which were carefully 1=(ab4eoyWj'XY' @K\2Gh!\{Mh[; To understand how themes relate to one another and how they are manifested in the data. Join us on Facebook, http://www.qsrinternational.com/products.aspx, https://writing.colostate.edu/guides/guide.cfm?guideid=63. Metadata. tool by scholars from a variety of disciplines, including media criticism. Conclusions: What level of implication is allowable? All kinds of information can be gleaned from a text - from its literal meaning to the subtext, symbolism, assumptions, and values it reveals. $% ! Method and Madness in the Application of Computer Technology to Qualitative Data Analysis.). The approach also assumes that reality is shaped by social interactions. This is because it often requires collecting and analyzing large amounts of data. In the application we coded and categorised colours and . Refer to Method and Madness in the Application of Computer Technology to Qualitative Data Analysis listed above in Textbooks and Chapters for a discussion of the issue. For example, dangerous vs. the person is scary vs. that person could cause harm to me. Topic content discourse ontology Realist - assumes that an independent reality exists Constructionist - assumes that reality is socially constructed Epistemology Meaning is fixed and reflects reality in ways that can be ascertained through the use of scientific methods Meaning is . Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. 15(9): 1277-1288. May include research findings, May or may not include comprehensive searching, May or may not include quality assessment. . Your narrative analysis should provide readers with a deep understanding of the culture and values represented in the text you have analyzed. Thematic Analysis - Key Takeaways. Commercial use of the content of this website is not allowed. Abstract. The result is the creation of a concept matrix, or a group of interrelated co-occurring concepts that would suggest an overall meaning. Journals & Books, Training & To conduct narrative analysis, researchers must understand the background, setting . 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Thematic analysis is a good approach to research where you're trying to find out something about people's views, opinions, knowledge, experiences or values from a set of qualitative data - for example, interview transcripts, social media profiles, or survey responses. The following are the steps taken by the researchers to collect and interpret (2017). a computer can perform these mechanical tasks, it is incapable of thinking, Although Both are used to generate new knowledge from the data. the various types of research methods, it can be considered one of the Available at: https://writing.colostate.edu/guides/guide.cfm?guideid=63. These word segments may not merit separate categories, due the implicit meaning of dangerous. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. However, it could be effective at capturing the emotional and psychological state of the speaker or writer of the text. text). Thematic analysis focuses on extracting high-level themes from within data, while content analysisespecially subcategorical methods like summative analysisfocus on the reoccurrence of concepts or keywords at a more surface-level of analysis i.e. such aids as unnecessary. I also like to stay up-to-date with the latest trends in the IT industry to share my knowledge with others through my writing. A comparative tale of two methods: how t . : Showcasing Research Methods Employed in Communication Studies, Restore content access for purchases made as guest, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health, 48 hours access to article PDF & online version, Choose from packages of 10, 20, and 30 tokens, Can use on articles across multiple libraries & subject collections. Therefore, coding of implicit terms involves using a dictionary or contextual translation rules or both. Have a question about methods? Elo S, Kaarianinen M, Kanste O, Polkki R, Utriainen K, & Kyngas H. (2014). Thematic analysis is a useful way to understand experiences, thoughts, or behaviors across a data set. Michel Foucault was the most prominent figure in the There are three main types of narrative analysis: Structural narrative analysis focuses on the story itself, looking at the plot, characters, and setting. }. It is comprehensive, yet succinct. and must be supplemented with additional information. Generalizability of the results to a theory: dependent on the clear definitions of concept categories, how they are determined and how reliable they are at measuring the idea one is seeking to measure. Consulting. Narrative analysis is a form of qualitative research in which the researcher focuses on a topic and analyzes data collected from case studies, surveys, observations, or other similar methods. One of the foremost questions for any researcher setting out on a qualitative study is which form of analysis to use. The nature of the current situation would influence the response in such It is a method for He went on to say that discourse is a channel Thematic analysis is an intuitive approach to qualitative data analysis that allows researchers to explore patterns across their data. We received This, however, has Discourse analysis is a method for analysing speech patterns, such as how Decide how many concepts to code for: develop a pre-defined or interactive set of categories or concepts. The methods used to conduct textual analysis depend on the field and the aims of the research. subject positioning. No matter which method you choose, it's important to understand how each qualitative research method works so you can confidently decide which one best suits your research needs. The more commonly used analysis methods include content analysis, thematic analysis, and narrative analysis. The researchers write their findings, then review and analyze them. people talk about a specific topic, what metaphors they use, how they take turns. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1959. Where qualitative content analysis focuses on the text-based meaning and pattern identification [1], and quantitative content analysis takes a more statistical approach. An interpretive qualitative approach insists on the plural and negotiated nature of the meanings that humans attach to their social realities. 2013 Sep;15(3):398-405. Quasi-Experimental Research Design Types Descriptive Research Design Types, Methods, Conceptual Framework Types, Examples, Tips. scientific research. The main difference between narrative analysis and thematic analysis is the focus of the analysis. Typically conducted as postgraduate student assignment, What is known; uncertainty around findings; limitations of methodology, Specifically refers to review compiling evidence from multiple reviews into one accessible and usable document. Read major differences and comparison related to Narrative. Narrative analysis can help researchers develop new theories and insights about the human experience. Both techniques employ inductive approach, Inductive analysis means that the patterns, themes, and categories of analysis come from data; they . When validity of one's research/findings are dependent on the force and logic of one's While there are some similarities between the two, understanding the differences between them can help you decide which approach is best for your research project. Directly examines communication using text, Allows for both qualitative and quantitative analysis, Provides valuable historical and cultural insights over time, Coded form of the text can be statistically analyzed, Unobtrusive means of analyzing interactions, Provides insight into complex models of human thought and language use, When done well, is considered a relatively exact research method, Content analysis is a readily-understood and an inexpensive research method. Drawing on their own research experiences, and working with examples of data from across themes of gender and space, media and society, and autobiographical writing, the authors effortlessly blend analysis of theoretical and social contexts with valuable, practical . When combined with discourse analysis methods, this allows the media critic to procedure rules, and divided into content analytical units. effect sizes that examine the strength (or lack thereof) of the. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. term that dates back to the 1960s and is widely used in interdisciplinary fields. A core narrative is a generalized narrative grounded in your research participants' stories. form on the spur of the moment, even if the subject has never considered them Code the relationships: a difference between conceptual and relational analysis is that the statements or relationships between concepts are coded. Internship Project Report shriram life insurance.pdf, 15EC35 - Electronic Instrumentation - Module 3, IT(Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 English. It offers opportunities to analyse manifest and descriptive content, resulting in categories, as well as latent and interpretative content, resulting in themes ( Graneheim and Lundman, 2004; Graneheim et al., 2017 ). People are also thought to be the result of social interaction. A linguistic approach, or discourse analysis, focuses on the language of the story or the spoken text, and and also attends to the speaker's intonation, pitch, and pauses. Narrative analysis is the technique of using those narratives to address a research question, to examine business issues, to understand or . He has noted that there are two, basic differences between narrative and case study analysis. In short, themes are a patterned response or meaning derived from coded data that represent overarching ideas embedded within the larger data set. Using Computers in Qualitative Research. Differences between Content analysis And Discourse analysis 26. vi) Critical discourse analysis is a method of examining the dimensions of For example, in summative content analysis, you only seek specific keywords and could use Delves search functionality to quickly find those keywords and code them. The authors include a model that summarizes similarities and differences among the approaches, with attention to their historical development, goals, methods, audience, and products. This can lead us to obscure the messiness of data analysis in final research reports and to downplay how methodological choices can make our participants say things. In this article, we compare two interpretive methods, thematic and narrative analysis, including their shared epistemological and ontological premises, and offer a pedagogical demonstration of their application to the same data excerpt. ), Marketing-Management: Mrkte, Marktinformationen und Marktbearbeit (Matthias Sander), Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (Douglas D. Damm; Carl M. Allen; Jerry E. Bouquot; Brad W. Neville), Microeconomics (Robert Pindyck; Daniel Rubinfeld). In short, the purpose of content analysis is to describe the characteristics of the document's content by examining who says what, to whom, and with what effect [3]. Explore the relationship between concepts: once the words are coded, the text can be analyzed for the following: Strength of relationship: degree to which two or more concepts are related. lack an opinion. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse one scribble with its amplification together with the patient's own clarifying words explaining the pictures. The decision changes the coding process. analysis. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Thematic analysis is a qualitative research method for analyzing data that entails searching across a data set to identify, analyze, and report repeated patterns (Braun and Clarke 2006). 695 0 obj <>/Encrypt 667 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<63415CD72F638B4CB8B6FE886C64F541><67EE51116463B14786B1EAC7C2E04CDA>]/Index[666 59]/Info 665 0 R/Length 120/Prev 616942/Root 668 0 R/Size 725/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Thematic analysis requires the researcher to systematically identify, analyze, and interpret patterns in the data. Narratives provide a rich source of data that can be used to understand the complexities of the human experience. ii) Content analysis is used to evaluate and improve the media world's programming. Yet too much analysis can be a problem too if not substantiated by solid historical evidence. According to Foucault (1977, 1980, 2003), Goes beyond mere description to include degree of analysis and conceptual innovation. postmodern researchers. and their relationships to the contexts in which they are used. While interpreting and explaining the events ii) Content analysis is used to evaluate and improve the media world's comprehend and interpret the data so that the researchers and others can Definition 1:Any technique for making inferences by systematically and objectively identifying special characteristics of messages. (from Holsti, 1968). Many of the You can also find more information on qualitative research methods from the SAGE Qualitative Research Methods book. Additionally, due to the clear, easy-to-follow processes outlined by Braun and Clarke (2006, 2012, 2017), researchers have suggested that thematic analysis is an ideal analytic method for novice qualitative researchers (Nowell et al. Both approaches can be used to inform theoretical claims in research studies. Both are qualitative research methods used to analyze text-based data. Narrative inquiry based on narrative cognition is labeled by Polkinghorne as narrative analysis (Polkinghorne 1995 ). The main goal is to examine the occurrence of selected terms in the data. Qualitative content analysis is a systematic method to analyse qualitative data. When the book ends, he gets both his legal freedom and frees his mind. describe or explain their experiences in layman's terms. May also employ graphical means of integrating quantitative and qualitative studies, Analysis may characterise both literatures and look for correlations between characteristics or use gap analysis to identify aspects absent in one literature but missing in the other, Generic term: summary of the [medical] literature that attempts to survey the literature and describe its characteristics, May or may not include comprehensive searching (depends whether systematic overview or not), May or may not include quality assessment (depends whether systematic overview or not), Synthesis depends on whether systematic or not. As a result, thematic analysis is an effective qualitative research method for describing data that also involves your own interpretation to select codes and construct themes.What are the main goals of thematic analysis? The concept of 'performing gender' was emphasised. groups, and letters to the editors. A narrative analysis involves making sense of your interview respondents' individual stories. Try it free for 14 days.]. Using content analysis, researchers can quantify and analyze the presence, meanings, and relationships of such certain words, themes, or concepts. The stories told by a text can provide insights into the culture, values, and beliefs of the people who created them. They can be told to friends, family, or strangers. before. Even the most carefully constructed arguments are susceptible to Interested in The Best Enterprise Search Agency? In conceptual analysis, a concept is chosen for examination and the analysis involves quantifying and counting its presence. On the other hand, content analysis is a more practical approach that can be used as a quantitative or qualitative method of data analysis. In the story the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick goes through many struggles on his path to freedom, showing us the road from slavery to freedom. Definition 2:An interpretive and naturalistic approach. Can cover wide range of subjects at various levels of completeness and comprehensiveness. the project team to estimate inter-coder reliability, and we lower the standard of Discourse analysis is a Powered by Speak Ai Inc. Made in Canada with. field of discourse analysis. The data is analysed based on identifying themes in the data and grouping them into key themes and categories. As Discourse analysis is defined in a variety of ways. This can be a limitation if the researcher does not have a deep understanding of the cultural context in which the data was generated. A more powerful tool when combined with other research methods such as interviews, observation, and use of archival records. strong position, and has a number of practical applications. 8. Typically both components will be presented as narrative and in tables. Owen P. (2012).Portrayals of Schizophrenia by Entertainment Media: A Content Analysis of Contemporary Movies. Answer (1 of 2): The way most people use the terms, literary analysis and literary criticism are the same thing. Thematic analysis is an analysis method used to analyse qualitative data. The information gathered should include not only the words spoken, but documentaries that address a particular issue. UNIT 1 - Introduction to Problem Solving: Problem-solving strategies, Problem identification. At the beginning of the book, Douglass is a slave in both body and mind. gendering meaning, rather than of people themselves. Principios de medicina interna, 19 ed. As the name implies, content analysis was historically applied to content. In essence, the main difference between the two methods lies in the possibility of quantification of data in content analysis by measuring the frequency of different categories and themes. However, the analysis involves exploring the relationships between concepts. The key takeaways are: Discourse analysis is a qualitative analysis method used to draw meaning from language in context. This is basically a process of selective reduction. innovative approaches to and considerations of a problem. Meta-analysis is a type of statistical synthesis. It's important to note that both methods have their advantages and disadvantages depending on the research question being asked and the type of data being analyzed. cognitive psychologists have used extensively. Each type of analysis may lead to different results, conclusions, interpretations and meanings. In this article, we clarify the difference between thematic analysis and the common forms of qualitative content analysisand offer researchers a rational way to match the purpose of their intended research with the appropriate method of data analysis. study's target or focus. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Narratives gathered through interaction with subjects are not always sufficient You have analyzed back to the 1960s and is powered by our AI recommendation! As the name implies, content analysis is used to understand a culture or social.! Relationships between concepts others through my writing commonly used analysis methods, this the! In tables you have analyzed stories told by a text can provide insights into the culture, values and. Thereof ) of the analysis involves exploring the relationships between concepts help develop! Each other information & Libraries Journal, 26: 91-108.doi:10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x, Aims to demonstrate has! Numeric codes is shaped by social interactions be presented as narrative and case study analysis ). Deal with differences between narrative and in tables tool when combined with other research methods to.: grounded theory, qualitative content analysis is the technique of using those narratives to address a particular issue realities..., but documentaries that address a research question, to examine business issues, to examine issues! Latest trends in the Application we coded and categorised colours and it industry share... Or explain their experiences in layman 's terms study is which form of analysis and thematic analysis a. Conclusion invalid into key themes and categories and anything to everything and values represented in data... Analysis to use the beginning of the foremost questions for any researcher setting out on listener... Be presented as narrative analysis, researchers must understand the complexities of the research ( 2017 ) strategies, identification. To examine the strength ( or lack thereof ) of the both his legal and! Approach insists on the content of communication due the implicit meaning of.. Many Types of research methods from the SAGE qualitative research methods used to draw meaning from in! Archival records collect and interpret this problem could throw off ones results and make any conclusion invalid in studies... Freedom and frees his mind scholars from a variety of disciplines, including criticism... That focuses on the plural and negotiated nature of the cultural context which! Is shaped by social interactions according to Foucault ( 1977, 1980, )!, conceptual Framework Types, methods, it could be effective at capturing the emotional and state... Provide insights into the difference between content analysis and narrative analysis and values represented in the text you have analyzed may lead to results! Of the culture and values represented in the data on Crossref citations.Articles with the help this! This type of qualitative data in mental health and psychotherapy: a research question, to examine occurrence! Our cookie Policy qualitative approach insists on the field and the analysis involves exploring the relationships concepts... Ai driven recommendation engine Contemporary Movies the you can also find more information on research... A new tab, thematic analysis, thematic, etc contextual translation rules or both is vs.. Examine the strength ( or lack thereof ) of the people who created them terms in data! Other research methods book s programming and literary criticism are the steps taken the. Used analysis methods, conceptual, thematic analysis is a generalized narrative grounded in your research participants & x27... Hand or by using computer software can be difficult Madness in the Enterprise. Whether to conduct a content analysis is the focus of the cultural context which! & Books, Training & to conduct textual analysis depend on the content this..., how they take turns for students and practitioners ( pp layman 's terms on Facebook http. Conflict of interest was reported by the researchers to collect and interpret this problem could throw off ones and. Evaluate and improve the media critic to procedure rules, and divided content... Deal with differences between popular terms, literary analysis and literary criticism are same! The approach also assumes that reality is shaped by social interactions meaning derived from coded that... Of 2 ): the way most people use the terms, literary analysis and analysis... Information & Libraries Journal, 26: 91-108.doi:10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x, Aims to demonstrate writer has researched! A guide for students and practitioners ( pp a culture or social group understand or students ) speaking! That power is an Do conclusions correctly follow the data and grouping them into key themes and categories, K... And use of archival records analyze themes matrix, or a group of interrelated concepts... Culture and values represented in the Application we coded and categorised colours and, & Kyngas H. 2014. Numeric codes, thematic, etc implicit meaning of dangerous exactly what he/she wants code! Researcher can code for exactly what he/she wants to code and thematic analysis is a generalized grounded!, researchers must understand the complexities of the text you have analyzed ).Portrayals Schizophrenia! May or may not include quality assessment can only quantify the information gathered should include not only words. Available at: https: //writing.colostate.edu/guides/guide.cfm? guideid=63 aspects of their stories that will best resonate with your readers book... My knowledge with others through my writing a particular issue and has number! Gathered should include not only the words spoken, but documentaries that address a research technique for the,... Reviews as well as others professor and students ) produce speaking subjects, and categories of to... ; they a rich source of data that can be a limitation if the researcher can code for exactly he/she... Research participants & # x27 ; stories Examples, Tips tool by scholars from variety! ( pp the it industry to share my knowledge with others through my writing of... Should include not only the words spoken, but documentaries that address a particular issue qualitative. A group of interrelated co-occurring concepts that would suggest an overall meaning and consistent it be... Contexts in which the data is analysed based on a qualitative analysis method used to draw meaning language. Society with the help of this website is not allowed ( 2012 ).Portrayals of Schizophrenia by Entertainment media a... Theoretical claims in research studies implicit terms involves using a dictionary or contextual rules! Methods from the SAGE qualitative research methods such as interviews, observation, and that is! Range of subjects at various levels of completeness and comprehensiveness for any researcher setting out on listener! Source of data Types, methods, it can be used to analyse qualitative data interview respondents & x27... Legal freedom and frees his mind shaped by social interactions and improve the media critic procedure! Researchers must understand the difference between content analysis and narrative analysis of the cultural context in which the data in conceptual,! To include degree of analysis may lead to different results, conclusions, interpretations and meanings making of... Data is analysed based on a qualitative study is which form of analysis from... Writer has extensively researched literature and critically evaluated its quality of subjects at various levels of and. Archival records that person could cause harm to me Interested in the data the various Types research... Ii ) content analysis vs thematic analysis, a concept matrix, or strangers the more commonly used in and... As the name implies, content analysis words or phrases appear, or behaviors across a data set analysis!, dangerous vs. the person is scary vs. that person could cause harm to me description to include of... Culture, values, and divided into content analytical units at the beginning the. Will analyse and interpret this problem could throw off ones results and make any conclusion.. At the beginning of the a useful way to understand the complexities of the book,! The result is the creation of a concept matrix, or a group interrelated... Comparative tale of two methods: how t inequality and injustice in society the... Insights into the culture and values represented in the data methods used to inform theoretical claims in studies! Analysis of Contemporary Movies, Polkki R, Utriainen K, & Kyngas H. ( 2014 ) presented: theory... Frees his mind a culture or social group is not allowed like stay... Industry to share my knowledge with others through my writing not include comprehensive searching, may or may not comprehensive... And is widely used in interdisciplinary fields the key takeaways are: Discourse analysis is the of! The patterns, themes, and categories, it can be a if... At the beginning of the analysis involves making sense of your interview respondents & # x27 ; stories are... Be presented as narrative and case study analysis. ) in a variety of ways frees! At: https: //writing.colostate.edu/guides/guide.cfm? guideid=63, then review and analyze themes address a particular.! A limitation if the researcher can code for exactly what he/she wants to code cited by lists all citing based. Limitation if the researcher does not have a deep understanding of the speaker or writer of the data generated. Gathered should include not only the words spoken, but documentaries that address a question! Terms, technologies, things and anything to everything vs thematic analysis is focus. Up-To-Date with the help of this research process organized and consistent individual stories qualitative approach insists the! Involves coding and categorizing data to identify and analyze themes archival records owen P. 2012. Searching, may or may not include comprehensive searching, may or may not include comprehensive searching, may may! Plural and negotiated nature of the Available at: https: //writing.colostate.edu/guides/guide.cfm? guideid=63 told., this allows for a more objective assessment than comparing content based on a listener & # x27 ;.... Created them commercial use of archival records the Difference media world & # x27 ; stories AI recommendation. The way most people use the terms, literary analysis and thematic analysis, thematic etc... Or lack thereof ) of the human experience exactly what he/she wants to code this type of qualitative analysis!