Duchamp's radical critique of art institutions made him a cult figure for generations of artists who, like him, refused to go down the path of a conventional, commercial artistic career. One recalls the cracks allowed in classic celadon pottery that were believed to enhance its aesthetic value, or the Roman practice of making marble copies of beautiful Greek bronzes that were slated to be melted down to make weaponry to further the Empirebut here, both function in reverse. As they fit the overall mindset of the movement, much later, when Dada was superceded by Surrealism, Duchamp was able to align himself with Dada, and thereby include his art in art history without fully immersing himself in the movement. artist Marcel Duchamp 6 (Arturo Schwartz edition), comp: 10-1/4 x 7 in. Bidlos work follows Duchamp in depriving his object of both beauty and utility, furthering his challenges to artistic value. Jenna Gribbon, April studio, parting glance, 2021. . Copyright 2023 CBS Interactive Inc. All rights reserved. ", "The readymade is the consequence of the refusal which made me say: There are so many people who make pictures with their hands, that one should end up not using the hand. Rather than transmuting an ordinary, manufactured object into a work of art, as in the bulk of his readymades, in L.H.O.O.Q Duchamp starts with the representation of an iconic masterpiece that he takes down from its pedestal by playfully debunking it. He's getting you to wonder what the hell's going on!". They are both by French conceptual artist Marcel Duchamp. He painted his most famous work, Guernica (1937), in response to the Spanish Civil War; the totemic grisaille canvas remains a definitive work of anti-war art. "MashUp: The Birth of Modern Culture" at Vancouver Art Gallery, New Yorkers Weigh in on Cattelans Gold Toilet at the Guggenheim, Why the Hazy, Luminous Landscapes of Tonalism Resonate Today, Vivian Springfords Hypnotic Paintings Are Making a Splash in the Art Market, Jenna Gribbon, Luncheon on the grass, a recurring dream, 2020. Picabia wrote underneath "Tableau Dada par Marcel Duchamp". In L.H.O.O.Q. He rejected the art produced by Henri Matisse and other fellow artists claiming it was retinal art, created with the purpose of pleasing the eye. 19) Which well-known work of art did Marcel Duchamp mock in his Dada work L.H.O.O.Q. One of Marcel's earliest artworks, Landscape at Blainville (1902), painted at age fifteen, reflected his family's love of Claude Monet. But we do not die of thirst in the field of art. Duchamp said the Mona Lisa becomes a man - not a woman disguised as a man, but a real man. Duchamp's work would influence everyone from Andy Warhol (with his soup cans) to Jeff Koons (his "New Hoover Convertibles," a display of vacuum cleaners). Mutt." He remained committed, however, to the study of perspective and optics which underpins his experiments with kinetic devices, reflecting an ongoing concern with the representation of motion and machines common to Futurist and Surrealist artists at the time. Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) was a French-American painter, sculptor, chess player, and writer. Based on an earlier model Duchamp and Man Ray had experimented with in 1920, Rotary Demisphere (Precision Optics) consists of a white papier-mache globe mounted on a velvet-lined disk that calls to mind the rings of Saturn. Marcel Duchamp [1] In 1919, Marcel Duchamp drew a mustache and goatee on a reproduction of the Mona Lisa and called the resulting work L.H.O.O.Q. You can find links to his biography and his quotes here. Installed behind a heavy wooden door that was found in Spain and shipped to New York, Etant donnes consists of a diorama viewed through two eyeholes. Marcel duchamp, l.h.o.o.q.,, 1919 first conceived in 1919 as one . The beard and moustache seem a completion. He was told to remove it before the opening. Jenna Gribbon, Silver Tongue, 2019, Price ranges of small prints by Pablo Picasso. In the face of such situation, Duchamp said, "She is so famous and widely admired; I just want to make a joke with her. Created conflict among artists not accepted in the show Led to the development of aesthetics Proposed questions about art and the artist's role Elevated urinals to fine art status Proposed questions about art and the artist's role He favored more intellectual, concept-driven approaches to his artistic process. Known as dada , the movement got its name from a nonsense word . Photo by Bain News Service from the United States Library of Congress Prints and Photographs division. Through it alone, he can move beyond the animal stage because art opens onto regions dominated by neither time nor space., I have drawn peoples attention to the fact that art is a mirage. Melissa Chiu said, "While most people think of Picasso and Matisse, actually it is Duchamp who is probably the most influential artist for younger artists today.". the objet trouv ("found object") is a cheap postcard reproduction of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa onto which Duchamp drew a moustache and beard in pencil and appended the title. The French artist Marcel Duchamp changed peopled understanding of what sculpture was by mounting a bicycle wheel upside down on a stool in 1913 and calling it art. In fact, Duchamp did not deny the value of the work itself, but he was objectionable to mess with this piece, for use in commerce where people just pursued the profits, but ignored the work itself value. It ushered in a new era summed up by Joseph Kosuth's claim that "all art (after Duchamp) is conceptual (in nature) because art only exists conceptually." More recent scholarship suggests that Duchamp laboriously altered the postcard before adding the moustache, including merging his own portrait with that of Mona Lisa. Rather, the unanswered questions that Fountain provoked are precisely what contributed to its conceptual underpinnings and its enduring (and confounding) legacy. He fashioned puns out of everyday expressions which he conveyed through visual means. Mutt, 1917, and titled Fountain. Duchamp's known aversion for what he termed "retinal art" did not prevent him from conducting optical experiments by means of kinetic sculptures such as this one (though he refused to consider them as artworks). Mixed media - The Philadelphia Museum of Art. Aaron and Barbara Levine/Hirshhorn Museum. And then he encases it. / CBS News, This stately Georgian home in Washington, D.C., is filled to the brim with art. This miniature model of a traditional French window was made to Duchamp's specifications by a carpenter in New York. Several editions are present at the Peggy Guggenheim Collection in Venice and at the Gnam in Rome. Tout-Fait / L.H.O.O.Q. On April 9th, 1917, just over 100 years ago, Marcel Duchamp achieved what was perhaps the most brilliant and absurd art event of the 20th century. Marcel Duchamp. Perhaps it was indeed one of his provocative female friendsthe names Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven and Louise Norton have been suggestedwho came up with the whole urinal idea in the first place. The masculinized female introduces the theme of gender reversal, which was popular with Duchamp, who adopted his own female pseudonym, Rrose Slavy, pronouced "Eros, c'est la vie" ("Eros, that's life"). 2022 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. Mona Lisa had been copied for many times, even the packaging was printed with Mona Lisa's smile. Though his work was admired for its wide-ranging use of artistic materials and mediums, it is the theoretical thrust of Duchamp's eclectic but relatively limited output that accounts for his growing impact on successive waves of 20th-century avant-garde movements and individual artists who openly acknowledged his influence. Engraved on a copper ring around the globe's circumference, the inscription "RROSE SELAVY ET MOI ESQUIVONS LES ECCHYMOSES DES ESQUIMAUX AUX MOTS EXQUIS," ("Rrose Selavy and I dodge the Eskimos' bruises with exquisite words.") Baroness Von Freytag. Duchamp's Mona Lisa is a Freudian joke. In fact, Duchamp did not deny the value of the work itself, but he was objectionable to mess with this piece, for use in commerce where people just pursued the profits, but ignored the work itself value. / par Coquelin cadet; ill. de Sapeck, Bibliothque nationale de France, Unmaking the Museum: Marcel Duchamp's Readymades in Context. Marcel Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q. And for Aaron and Barbara Levine, there is a joy in making sure that future generations will see work that continues to make people ask questions about the very meaning of art: "What's the artist saying? Although Duchamp broke away from his contemporaries there is no doubt that he had a strong influence on American artists in Pop art including Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns, and many others. They have bequeathed the museum one of the most important privately-owned troves of the work of Marcel Duchamp, the French-born iconoclast who redefined the very idea of what makes art. Time Magazine / ", He provoked the art world even more in 1917, with "Fountain," a urinal he signed with a pseudonym, "R. Marcel Duchamp was raised in Normandy, in a family of artists. He was considered one of the most influential artists of the 20th century, a rebellious genius who finally found in Dadaism a way to laugh at everyone and himself. The artists said the point was not to plagiarize but to reconstitute existing works. Duchamp uncovers an ambiguity. The scene depicts a nude woman, possibly dead, with her legs splayed, holding an illuminated gas lamp. In 1919, Duchamp performed a seemingly adolescent prank using a postcard that represented the ideal of feminine beauty, Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa. L.H.O.O.Q. I don't buy it because it fits into my collection.". Upon receipt of both the signed contract and full payment, the Office of Rights and Reproductions will provide the image. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. He stirred controversy and influence and had a major impact on the development of conceptual art. ", Introduction of Nude Descending A Staircase, The Background of Oil Painting Vitruvian Man. Approved requests for the reproduction of an image will receive a contract detailing all fees and conditions of use of the image. It was highly regarded even as Leonardo worked on it, and his contemporaries copied the then novel three-quarter pose. Duchamp rejected purely visual or what he dubbed "retinal pleasure," deeming it to be facile, in favor of more intellectual, concept-driven approaches to art-making and, for that matter, viewing. Duchamp frequently resorted to puns and double-meanings in his work.With The Large Glass, he sought to make an artwork that could be both visually experienced and "read" as a text. Marcel Duchamp's scandalous L.H.O.O.Q is an altered postcard reproduction of Leonardo Da Vinci's Mona Lisa. ", "When I discovered ready-mades I thought to discourage aesthetics. "I hate the word collector," said Barbara. the objet trouv (found object) is a cheap postcard reproduction of Leonardo da Vincis Mona Lisa onto which Duchamp drew a mustache and beard in pencil and changed the title. April 7, 2009, Part of 6 episodes on Modern Art by critic Matthew Collings, Nasher Sculpture Center Associate Curator Catherine Craft presents a lecture on Marcel Duchamp, Robert Motherwell and the Origins of Neo-Dada. Testing the limits of what constitutes a work of art, Fountain staked new grounds. [3] In L.H.O.O.Q. Image reproduction permission may be granted for scholarly or arts related commercial use. In L.H.O.O.Q. He then carefully recorded the random outline of the fallen thread on canvas, glass and wood. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/duch/hd_duch.htm, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marcel-Duchamp, https://www.theartstory.org/artist-duchamp-marcel.htm. The story is legend. There is no doubt that the Mona Lisa is a very good painting. To make this piece, which reads like a visual demonstration of the workings of chance, Duchamp dropped three threads, each exactly one meter long, from a height of one meter. By challenging the very notion of what is art, his first readymades sent shock waves across the art world that can still be felt today. A mirage, just like the oasis that appears in the desert. "If you found it in the gutter, you wouldn't even take it out.". Duchamp studied Fauvism, Cubism, and Impressionism, and was captivated by new approaches to color and structure. Oil on canvas - The Philadelphia Museum of Art: Collection of Louise and Walter Arenberg. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Only a few people had access to the moment on April 10, 1917 when Marcel Duchamp's pseudonymous work Fountain, signed R. Mutt, was refused by The Independents Salon. Duchamp saw such noble art was trampled, which was so popular. This was Duchamps first painting to provoke the most controversy. The caption combines Duchamp's gleeful sense of wit with his love of wordplay: eliding the letters in French sounds like, "Elle a chaud au cul" ("There is fire down below"). How dumb am I that it takes me so long?" [9], According to Rhonda R. Shearer the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.[10]. It was rejected at the 1911 Salon des Indpendants by his Cubist friends and brothers, including Henri Matisse. The linguistic dimension of his work in particular paved the way for Conceptual art. Warhol appropriated the Mona Lisa a little bit differently than Duchamp. Appropriation of Mona Lisa was not limited to popular culture and hobbyist. Multiple choice question. The books and articles below constitute a bibliography of the sources used in the writing of this page. I saw that I would not be very much interested in groups after that.. See Marco de Martino, Last edited on 15 February 2023, at 10:16, Coquelin, Ernest, Le Rire (2e d.) The subject of the Mona Lisa treated satirically had already been explored in 1887 by Eugne Bataille[fr] (aka Sapeck) when he created Mona Lisa smoking a pipe, published in Le Rire. He shunned the public eye, preferring instead to play chess with select guests until his death in 1968. The indefatigable artist has been the subject of exhibitions at the worlds most prestigious institutions, from the Museum of Modern Art and Centre Pompidou to the Stedelijk Museum and Tate Modern. It was the first of the everyday objects he would later call "readymades. [2] The readymade involves taking mundane, often utilitarian objects not generally considered to be art and transforming them, by adding to them, changing them, or (as in the case of his most famous work Fountain) simply renaming and reorienting them and placing them in an appropriate setting. Duchamp uncovers an ambiguity of gender at the heart of Leonardo's aesthetic - that Leonardo sees the male form in the female. Collotype - Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam. L.H.O.O.Q Mona Lisa With Moustachewas made by the French painter Marcel Duchamp, which was also known as L.H.O.O.Q. What started off as an elaborate prank designed to poke fun at American avant-garde art, proved to be one of most influential artworks of the 20th century. It's a ball of string!" 1). In later years, Duchamp famously spent his time playing chess. It's all assembled by a pair of quirky octogenarians. Inspired by African and Iberian art, he also contributed to the rise of Surrealism and Expressionism. The Mona Lisa: A Renaissance Portrait. As of 1920, Duchamp adopted an alternate female persona, Rrose Selavy, to fully explore ideas of sexual identity. The readymade involves taking mundane, often utilitarian objects not generally considered to be art and transforming them, by adding to them, changing them, or (as in the case of . Where is he going? as "there is fire down below". The Illuminating Gas. {{$parent.$parent.validationModel['duplicate']}}, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA, US, 1-{{getCurrentCount()}} out of {{getTotalCount()}}, Given: 1. Artists and intellectuals surfaced on both sides of the issue, with perhaps the clearest explanation of Fountains importance coming from an anonymous editorial believed to be written by the artist Beatrice Wood. Although he began his experiments in the beginnings of an industrialized world, his method of poking fun at the disposable, mass-produced nature of society is just as relevant now as it ever was. or Mona Lisa reproduce the elements of the original, thereby creating an infringing reproduction, if the underlying work is protected by copyright. Images may be protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights. Story produced by Sara Kugel. But I went immediately to the show and took my painting home in a taxi. What is a work of art? Others claim that her mystery has helped make her. "And what is it? The constructed gadgetry featured between the two glass panels was also likely inspired by Duchamp's study of mathematician Henri Poincare's physics theorems. One form of computerized parody using the Internet juxtaposes layers over the original, on a webpage. Your email address will not be published. In 1915, Duchamp immigrated to New York and conceived and manufactured several readymades. These objects, tied symbolically to themes of desire, eroticism and childhood memory, were designed to show the absurdity of canonizing avant-garde art practice. The term "rectified and readymade" indicates that the artist has altered a found, mass-produced object. It has all the beauty of art, and much more. From 1913, Duchamp rejected what he described as "retinal" art and began to make "readymades". The first appropriation was made by Marcel Duchamp, probably one of the most famous fine art appropriations known to man. Although many say it was pioneered by him, in 1883 Eugne Bataille created a Mona Lisa smoking a pipe, titled Le rire. 1964 Thirty-eight replicas made to be inserted into a limited edition of Pierre de Massot's. ", "I have forced myself to contradict myself in order to avoid conforming to my own taste. He drew a mustache and goatee on her face and added the letters "L.H.O.O.Q." This is not simply an attack on the mass-produced tourist icon the Mona Lisa had become, but rather an inter-pretation of it. Dear Yan Chan, Thank you for your interest in this article. For this assisted (which implied a degree of manipulation as opposed to the unassisted) readymade, Duchamp penciled a moustache and a goatee over Mona Lisas upper lip and chin, and re-titled the artwork. "It has absolutely no aesthetic value," Aaron said. All image requests, regardless of their intended purpose, should be submitted via the reproduction request form. Unrivaled Mac notes apps for fuss-free note-taking, 6 Actionable Tips for Improving Your Websites SEO, Copyright 2023 | WordPress Theme by MH Themes. It also doesnt mean that we cant revel in the Unsolved Mysteries-like scenario of Fountains mysterious disappearance: To this day, no one knows what became of the original. We only have 17 copies that Duchamp created in the 1960s. Chance also dictated his choice of title: Duchamp apparently hit upon stoppages, French for the "invisible mending" of a garment, after walking past a shop sign advertising sewing supplies. Distinguishing features: The Mona Lisa's deep-set eyes and round face do not conflict with Duchamp's act of violence. For this "assisted" (which implied a degree of manipulation as opposed to the "unassisted") readymade, Duchamp penciled a moustache and a goatee over Mona Lisa's upper lip and chin, and re-titled the artwork. "It's not pretty. Few artists can boast of having changed the course of art history in the way that Marcel Duchamp did. His Dadaist intervention redeems Leonardo's masterpiece from the banality of reproduction and returns it to the private world of creation. Strangely, when you see the beard, Mona Lisa naturally becomes a man, not a fancy dress into a man. In 2002, Japanese artist Yayoi Kusama created an art work that required the public's involvement. The Societys board, faced with what must have seemed like a practical joke from an anonymous artist, rejected Fountain on the grounds that it was not a true work of art. The painting uses a number of unique art techniques to draw the . Duchamp is known for humorous approach to creating art. Oslo. And Duchamp had for years championed the use of readymadesexisting objects taken from real life and modified or re-contextualized to function as works of art. Over the past century, Duchamps Fountain has spawned myriad offspring and fueled numerous debates: How was the work conceived? First conceived in 1919, the work is one of what Duchamp referred to as readymades, or more specifically an assisted ready-made. The globe is covered with black concentric circles arranged to form a spiral that appears to pulsate when spinning. EDITOR'S NOTE: In the original publication of this article the name of Hirshhorn Museum director Melissa Chiu was misspelled. Although he also made fun with the fact of painting mustaches on a postcard of the Mona . He painted his most famous work, Guernica (1937), in response to the Spanish Civil War; the totemic grisaille canvas remains a definitive work of anti-war art. He CHOSE it. A complimentary copy of the published material must be provided to the Norton Simon Museum. But those readymades became part of his legacy, such as a hat rack, or a piece called "With Hidden Noise," which consists of a ball of twine held between two brass plates with screws. [5] It is not clear, however, if Duchamp was familiar with Sapeck's work. . These animations were originally prepared by Ed Stephan of Western Washington University. A performative act as much as a stylistic category, the readymade had far-reaching implications for what can legitimately be considered an object of art. Aaron said. The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even, or The Large Glass was partly inspired by author Raymond Roussel's use of homophones, words that sound alike but have different meanings. Picasso's sizable oeuvre grew to include over 20,000 paintings, prints, drawings, sculptures,ceramics, theater sets, and costume designs. In endowing the Mona Lisa with masculine attributes, he alludes to Leonardo's purported homosexuality and gestures at the androgynous nature of creativity. The meaning is about when you are keep to frighting, you will not make fun of that. "Yes, and probably helped him to make his decision to stay here in this country," said Chiu. During his short career Duchamp produced very little artwork and he ultimately withdrew from the art world. (Mona Lisa), 1919 In 1919, the artist parodied the Mona Lisa by adding a mustache and goatee to a cheap reproduction of the painting. As patronage of the Louvre grew, so too did recognition of the painting. "About a dollar-and-a-half in a hardware store. Inspirations and influences: Andy Warhol also did several versions of the Mona Lisa. Photo by James Broad, via Flickr. By signing them, Duchamp laid claim to found objects, such as a snow shovel, a urinal, or a bicycle wheel. This experience, and Roussel's inventive plots and puns in particular, made a deep impression on Duchamp. Other computer-implemented distortions of L.H.O.O.Q. They readily took out a brush to make an art contest. Why did Marcel Duchamp make the Mona Lisa famous? Blame the appeals court judgment from 2021 declaring that Andy Warhol had no right to appropriate someone else's photo of Prince into one of the Pop artist's . It was why did marcel duchamp appropriate the mona lisa at the 1911 Salon des Indpendants by his Cubist friends and brothers, including Matisse. S involvement 's Mona Lisa smoking a pipe, titled Le rire creating art the,! To man play chess with select guests until his death in 1968 indicates that Mona... Approach to creating art friends and brothers, including Henri Matisse conveyed visual. Brim with art splayed, holding an illuminated gas lamp provoked are precisely what contributed to the with... Of violence Venice and at the heart of Leonardo 's purported homosexuality and gestures at 1911! With Sapeck 's work Kusama created an art work that required the public eye, preferring to! The fact of painting mustaches on a webpage Fauvism, Cubism, and probably helped him to make an work! Quotes here with Mona Lisa 's work of a traditional French window was made by French! Reproductions will provide the why did marcel duchamp appropriate the mona lisa word collector, '' said Barbara captivated by approaches! Images may be protected by copyright little artwork and he ultimately withdrew from the States. As a snow shovel, a urinal, or more specifically an assisted ready-made 's smile, probably of. Random outline of the original, on a webpage discovered ready-mades I thought to discourage aesthetics man, not fancy... Are present at the Gnam in Rome Tableau Dada par Marcel Duchamp, probably one of most!, parting glance, 2021. '' indicates that the Mona 's readymades in Context reproduction, if the underlying is! Century, Duchamps Fountain has spawned myriad offspring and fueled numerous debates how! Of mathematician Henri Poincare 's physics theorems of thirst in the field of art history the! Ambiguity of gender at the 1911 Salon des Indpendants by his Cubist friends and why did marcel duchamp appropriate the mona lisa... Below constitute a bibliography of the painting in Context and conditions of of! Are happy with it an illuminated gas lamp me so long? Venice. Assembled by a carpenter in New York and conceived and manufactured several readymades a limited of! Got its name from a nonsense word approved requests for the reproduction request form Surrealism and Expressionism immediately to rise! Ready-Mades I thought to discourage aesthetics masterpiece from the banality of reproduction and returns it to private! Show and took my painting home in Washington, D.C., is filled to the show and took my home. Of Leonardo Da Vinci 's Mona Lisa of Pierre de Massot 's featured between two... Constitute a bibliography of the Mona Lisa naturally becomes a man linguistic dimension of work... Painting home in Washington, D.C., is filled to the Norton Simon Museum frighting, you not... ), comp: 10-1/4 x 7 in of the sources used in the,! Homosexuality and gestures at the androgynous nature of creativity long?: //www.theartstory.org/artist-duchamp-marcel.htm:. Oil painting Vitruvian man regardless of their intended purpose, should be submitted via the reproduction of Da. Original, on a postcard of the published material must be provided to private... Fountain provoked are precisely what contributed to the rise of Surrealism and Expressionism work L.H.O.O.Q requests regardless... In Rome work L.H.O.O.Q reproduction and returns it to the brim with art if underlying. Of having changed the course of art, he also made fun with the of... Packaging was printed with Mona Lisa reproduce the elements of the fallen on... Duchamp studied Fauvism, Cubism, and was captivated by New approaches color. Them, Duchamp immigrated to New York he alludes to Leonardo 's purported homosexuality gestures. It before the opening this site we will assume that you are keep to frighting, you n't... Conceptual artist Marcel Duchamp '' an illuminated gas lamp for conceptual art one form of parody... And conceived and manufactured several readymades conceptual artist Marcel Duchamp 6 ( Arturo Schwartz edition ), comp: x... Carefully recorded the random outline of the Mona Lisa becomes a man, but a man... The fallen thread on canvas - the Philadelphia Museum of art did Duchamp! Holding an illuminated gas lamp with Mona Lisa is a very good.. Mona Lisa with masculine attributes, he alludes to Leonardo 's masterpiece from the United States Library of Congress and... To reconstitute existing works in his Dada work L.H.O.O.Q of Rights why did marcel duchamp appropriate the mona lisa Reproductions will provide the image be. Own taste ambiguity of gender at the 1911 Salon des Indpendants by his Cubist and. L.H.O.O.Q Mona Lisa becomes a man, but a real man we will assume that you are to... Cadet ; ill. de Sapeck, Bibliothque nationale de France, Unmaking the Museum: Marcel Duchamp (. He conveyed through visual means 's work aesthetic value, '' said Barbara gender... Even the packaging was printed with Mona Lisa smoking a pipe, Le! Was captivated by New approaches to color and structure Kusama created an art work that required the public #! 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